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| ====Mental Health and Wellbeing==== | ====Mental Health and Wellbeing==== |
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| Survey members were interviewed by trained nurses using a shortened version of the **Present State Examination** (PSE: Wing et al. 1974, 1977; Wing and Sturt 1978). The shortened version of the PSE used in the NSHD consisted of the first 48 items (symptoms) of the ninth edition, with the exceptions of items 2, 3 and 13, which do not contribute to the scoring procedure, the inclusion of items 97, 98, 99 and 103, the addition of three general questions on affect over the previous year, and the inclusion of the standard PSE question on treatment for 'nerves', extended to cover the past year. The reliability and validity of this instrument in the NSHD were reported by Rodgers and Mann (1986). <html><br></html> | Survey members were interviewed by trained nurses using a shortened version of the **Present State Examination** (PSE: Wing et al. 1974, 1977; Wing and Sturt 1978). The shortened version of the PSE used in the NSHD consisted of the first 48 items (symptoms) of the ninth edition, with the exceptions of items 2, 3 and 13, which do not contribute to the scoring procedure, the inclusion of items 97, 98, 99 and 103, the addition of three general questions on affect over the previous year, and the inclusion of the standard PSE question on treatment for 'nerves', extended to cover the past year. The reliability and validity of this instrument in the NSHD were reported by {{https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/the-reliability-and-validity-of-pse-assessments-by-lay-interviewers-a-national-population-survey/8E4AC92D072761F8D7749C9173575CD5|Rodgers and Mann}} (1986). <html><br></html> |
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| Age 43 years | Age 43 years |
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| Study members were administered the Psychiatric Symptom Frequency Scale (PSF; Rodgers, 1994) by trained nurses, an interview-based scale for symptoms of anxiety and depression over the previous 12 months. The reliability and validity of this measure is reported by Lindelow et al. (1997).<html><br></html> | Study members were administered the **Psychiatric Symptom Frequency Scale** (PSF; Rodgers, 1994) by trained nurses. The PSF is an interview-based scale for symptoms of anxiety and depression over the previous 12 months. The reliability and validity of this measure is reported by {{http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-43234-001|Lindelow et al.}} (1997).<html><br></html> |
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| Age 52 years | Age 52 years |
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| A 42-item version of the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale (PWB; Ryff, 1989; Abbott et al. 2006) was included in the women's health questionnaire (see 7.9.1) at age 52 years. This self-report questionnaire includes seven questions for each of six dimensions: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance).<html><br></html> | A 42-item version of the **Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale** (PWB; Ryff, 1989; Abbott et al. 2006) was included in the [[questionnaires:1998|women's health questionnaire]] at age 52 years. This self-report questionnaire includes seven questions for each of six dimensions: |
| | * autonomy |
| | * environmental mastery |
| | * personal growth |
| | * positive relations with others |
| | * purpose in life |
| | * self-acceptance<html><br></html> |
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| Age 53 years | Age 53 years |
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| Study members completed the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28; Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). This is a self-administered screening questionnaire for detecting diagnosable psychiatric disorder in the general population. <html><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br></html> | Study members completed the 28-item version of the **General Health Questionnaire** (GHQ-28; Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). This is a self-administered screening questionnaire for detecting diagnosable psychiatric disorder in the general population. <html><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br></html> |
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| <html><i style=""></html>Age 15-30 years<html></i></html>: A composite set of variables represents the duration and severity of psychiatric disorder, based on detailed examination of all available records. This information did not include diagnosis, so all new identified admissions were followed up with the hospitals. The relevant summary variable is PSY, which grades study members from no illness to continuous inpatient psychiatric care since age 15 years. Additional variables provide details of diagnosis and clinical presentation. This information has been used by Kuh et al. (2002), and by Lokugamage et al. (2006).<html><o:p></o:p></html> | Age 60-64 years |
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| <html><i style=""></html>Longitudinal profiles<html></i></html>: One technical problem with estimating lifetime psychological risk to age 53 years in NSHD is that all relevant measures were unique to each assessment or life course phase, and none except the two sets of teacher ratings had been repeated. This problem was addressed by Colman et al. (2007), who derived longitudinal typologies using latent class analysis incorporating information on affective behaviours or symptoms at 6 time points: teacher ratings at ages 13 and 15 years (see 7.3.5), the PSE at age 36 years, the PSF at 43 years, and the GHQ-28 at 53 years. From these data 6 longitudinal profiles were derived: 1. absence of symptoms (44.8%); 2. adult-onset moderate symptoms (11.3%); 3. repeated moderate symptoms (33.6%); 4. adolescent-onset symptoms with good adult outcome (5.8%); 5. adult-onset severe symptoms (2.8%); 6. repeated severe symptoms (1.7%). Details of the latent class methodology, and some findings on early associates of these profiles, can be found in Colman et al. (2007). <html><br></html> <html><br></html> | |
| | Study members completed the GHQ-28 as a self-administered questionnaire, repeating the measures from age 53. |
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| <html><br></html> | Study members, except those who took part in the Manchester Feasibility study, also completed the **Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale** ({{https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/med/research/platform/wemwbs/|WEMWBS}}) on the pre-assessment questionnaire. This was developed to enable the monitoring of mental wellbeing in the general population. WEMWBS is a 14-item scale with five response categories, summed to provide a single score ranging from 14-70. |
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| Research programme | Age 68-70 years |
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| Further information on the <html><a href="http://www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk/research/mental_health.aspx" target="_blank"></html>Mental Health and Wellbeing<html></a></html> research programme is available on the public LHA website.<html><br></html> <html><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: black;"><span style=""></html> | |
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| <html><br></html> | Study members completed the GHQ-28 as a self-administered questionnaire at the home visit, as at previous ages. |
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| | On a separate postal questionnaire at this timepoint, the study members also completed**:** |
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| <html></span></span></html> | 1) **Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale** |
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| <HTML> | 2) **Pearlin Mastery Scale** (Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C., 1978): This measures an individual’s level of mastery, which is the extent to which someone regards one’s life chances as being under their own control. The scale comprises five negatively-worded items and two positively-worded items, presented with the following Likert response options: |
| <table style="text-align: left; width: 95%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="6"> | (1) Strongly Disagree |
| <tbody> | (2) Disagree |
| </HTML> | (3) Agree |
| <code> | (4) Strongly Agree. |
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| | The negatively-worded items require reverse coding prior to scoring, resulting in a score range of 7 to 28, with higher scores indicating greater levels of mastery. |
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| | <html><i style=""></html>Age 15-30 years<html></i></html>: A composite set of variables represents the duration and severity of psychiatric disorder, based on detailed examination of all available records. This information did not include diagnosis, so all new identified admissions were followed up with the hospitals. The relevant summary variable is PSY, which grades study members from no illness to continuous inpatient psychiatric care since age 15 years. Additional variables provide details of diagnosis and clinical presentation. This information has been used by Kuh et al. (2002), and by Lokugamage et al. (2006).<html><o:p></o:p></html> |
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| <td><small><img style="width: 11px; height: 11px;" alt="arrow" src="./Mental Health and Wellbeing_files/link_icon.gif"><a href="https://secure.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/lha_nshd/members/childhood.html">Childhood | |
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| <code> | <html><br><i style=""></html>Longitudinal profiles<html></i></html>: One technical problem with estimating lifetime psychological risk to age 53 years in NSHD is that all relevant measures were unique to each assessment or life course phase, and none except the two sets of teacher ratings had been repeated. This problem was addressed by {{https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17692292|Colman et al.}} (2007), who derived longitudinal typologies using latent class analysis incorporating information on affective behaviours or symptoms at six time points: teacher ratings at ages 13 and 15 years, the PSE at age 36 years, the PSF at 43 years, and the GHQ-28 at 53 years. From these data six longitudinal profiles were derived: |
| <td><small><img style="width: 11px; height: 11px;" alt="arrow" src="./Mental Health and Wellbeing_files/link_icon.gif"><a href="https://secure.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/lha_nshd/members/Adult_Health.html">Adult Physical | - absence of symptoms (44.8%) |
| </code> | - adult-onset moderate symptoms (11.3%) |
| Health<html></a></html> <html></small></html> | - repeated moderate symptoms (33.6%) |
| <HTML> | - adolescent-onset symptoms with good adult outcome (5.8%) |
| </td> | - adult-onset severe symptoms (2.8%) |
| </HTML> | - repeated severe symptoms (1.7%) |
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| <td><small><img style="width: 11px; height: 11px;" alt="arrow" src="./Mental Health and Wellbeing_files/link_icon.gif"><a href="file:///G:/SecureServer/LHA_NSHD/members/Adult_Wellbeing.html">Adult | |
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| <td><small><img style="width: 11px; height: 11px;" alt="arrow" src="./Mental Health and Wellbeing_files/link_icon.gif"><a href="https://secure.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/lha_nshd/members/Adult_Behaviours.html">Adult Health | |
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| | Details of the latent class methodology, and some findings on early associates of these profiles, can be found in Colman et al. (2007). An update to include the age 60-64 data collection can be found in {{https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/lifetime-affect-and-midlife-cognitive-function-prospective-birth-cohort-study/ED0E86A50616C358859B235E024592BE|Richards et al.}} (2014). <html><br></html> |
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| <td><small><img style="width: 11px; height: 11px;" alt="arrow" src="./Mental Health and Wellbeing_files/link_icon.gif"><a href="https://secure.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/lha_nshd/members/Anthropometry.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Anthropometry</span></a></small></td> | |
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| <td><img style="width: 11px; height: 11px;" alt="arrow" src="./Mental Health and Wellbeing_files/link_icon.gif"><a href="https://secure.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/lha_nshd/members/Lifetime.html"><small>Lifetime | |
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| <code> | Research programme |
| <td><small><img style="width: 11px; height: 11px;" alt="arrow" src="./Mental Health and Wellbeing_files/link_icon.gif"><a href="https://secure.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/lha_nshd/members/Biological.html">Biological | |
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| <code> | Further information on the <html><a href="http://www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk/research/mental_health.aspx" target="_blank"></html>Mental Health and Wellbeing<html></a></html> research programme is available on the public LHA website.<html><br></html> <html><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: black;"><span style=""></html> |
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| | === Obtaining the standard adult mental health and wellbeing variables === |
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| | * You can obtain a list of the standard topic variables to use in an NSHD data sharing request by selecting the link below.\\ |
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| | [[http://skylark.ucl.ac.uk/Sparrow/search/html/keyword/mrepo:topics:mentalhealthandwellbeing | HTML version of the standard variables to view]] |
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| <html><a href="https://secure.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/lha_nshd/members/index.html"></html>Homepage<html></a></html> | <html><a href="http://www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk/"></html>LHA-NSHD Website (Public)<html></a></html> | |
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